Background: The paper presents a newly researched acoustic system for blood\r\nvolume measurements for the developed family of Polish ventricular assist devices.\r\nThe pneumatic heart-supporting devices are still the preferred solution in some\r\ncases, and monitoring of their operation, especially the temporary blood volume, is\r\nyet to be solved.\r\nMethods: The prototype of the POLVAD-EXT prosthesis developed by the\r\nFoundation of Cardiac Surgery Development, Zabrze, Poland, is equipped with the\r\nnewly researched acoustic blood volume measurement system based on the\r\nprinciple of Helmholtz�s acoustic resonance. The results of static volume\r\nmeasurements acquired using the acoustic sensor were verified by measuring the\r\nvolume of the liquid filling the prosthesis. Dynamic measurements were conducted\r\non the hybrid model of the human cardiovascular system at the Foundation, with the\r\nTransonic T410 (11PLX transducer - 5% uncertainty) ultrasound flow rate sensor, used\r\nas the reference.\r\nResults: The statistical analysis of a series of static tests have proved that the sensor\r\nsolution provides blood volume measurement results with uncertainties (understood\r\nas a standard mean deviation) of less than 10%. Dynamic tests show a high\r\ncorrelation between the results of the acoustic system and those obtained by flow\r\nrate measurements using an ultrasound transit time type sensor.\r\nConclusions: The results show that noninvasive, online temporary blood volume\r\nmeasurements in the POLVAD-EXT prosthesis, making use of the newly developed\r\nacoustic system, provides accurate static and dynamic measurements results.\r\nConducted research provides the preliminary view on the possibility of reducing the\r\nadditional sensor chamber volume in future.
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